AI career impact
Automation risk assessment by occupation
LLM exposure scores for 80 occupations from Eloundou et al. (Science, 2024), with exposed vs. unexposed tasks and BLS 2025–35 job outlook for each.
Data compiled 2026-10-09 · BLS 2025–35 · O*NET 31.0 · AEI May 2026
U.S. context
Across U.S. occupations, employment-weighted LLM exposure averages 30% (β), and 51.4% of May 2026 Claude.ai conversations with a classified collaboration pattern (excluding unclassified conversations) augmented rather than automated the work.
Eloundou et al., Science 2024 · Anthropic Economic Index (May 2026)
Exposure tiers
Occupations on this page by human-rated β, Eloundou et al., Science 2024
- 36
High exposure
β of 0.5 or more: half or more of the task list is LLM-exposed.
Eloundou et al., Science 2024
- 29
Moderate exposure
β from 0.25 to under 0.5.
Eloundou et al., Science 2024
- 15
Low exposure
β under 0.25.
Eloundou et al., Science 2024
All occupations
Sorted from most to least exposed
| Occupation | Field | Exposure (β) | Jobs, 2025–35 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Interpreters and Translators | Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media | 84% | +2.0% |
| Writers and Authors | Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media | 81% | −0.3% |
| Public Relations Specialists | Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media | 79% | +1.8% |
| Executive Secretaries and Executive Administrative Assistants | Office and administrative support | 74% | 0.0% |
| Sales Representatives, Wholesale and Manufacturing | Sales and related | 71% | −0.9% |
| Customer Service Representatives | Office and administrative support | 71% | −5.3% |
| Web and Digital Interface Designers | Computer and mathematical | 68% | +6.0% |
| Personal Financial Advisors | Business and financial operations | 67% | +1.4% |
| Computer User Support Specialists | Computer and mathematical | 67% | −3.5% |
| Loan Officers | Business and financial operations | 65% | +1.1% |
| Web Developers | Computer and mathematical | 64% | +3.8% |
| Technical Writers | Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media | 63% | +0.8% |
| News Analysts, Reporters, and Journalists | Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media | 63% | −5.9% |
| Operations Research Analysts | Computer and mathematical | 63% | +11.9% |
| Tax Preparers | Business and financial operations | 63% | +4.7% |
| Software Quality Assurance Analysts and Testers | Computer and mathematical | 61% | +5.7% |
| Compliance Officers | Business and financial operations | 61% | +3.8% |
| Industrial Engineers | Architecture and engineering | 61% | +12.4% |
| Database Administrators | Computer and mathematical | 60% | −0.1% |
| Data Scientists | Computer and mathematical | 59% | +34.6% |
| Training and Development Specialists | Business and financial operations | 59% | +10.8% |
| Human Resources Specialists | Business and financial operations | 59% | +6.4% |
| Receptionists and Information Clerks | Office and administrative support | 58% | −1.7% |
| Marketing Managers | Management | 58% | +6.9% |
| Market Research Analysts and Marketing Specialists | Business and financial operations | 58% | +7.0% |
| Sales Representatives of Services | Sales and related | 57% | +2.7% |
| Secretaries and Administrative Assistants | Office and administrative support | 57% | −6.0% |
| Computer and Information Systems Managers | Management | 56% | +15.8% |
| Medical Records Specialists | Healthcare practitioners and technical | 56% | +7.8% |
| Information Security Analysts | Computer and mathematical | 54% | +21.0% |
| Accountants and Auditors | Business and financial operations | 52% | +5.0% |
| Network and Computer Systems Administrators | Computer and mathematical | 51% | −4.1% |
| Financial and Investment Analysts | Business and financial operations | 50% | +7.2% |
| Management Analysts | Business and financial operations | 50% | +10.1% |
| General Office Clerks | Office and administrative support | 50% | −6.0% |
| Loan Interviewers and Clerks | Office and administrative support | 50% | −2.4% |
| Sales Managers | Management | 48% | +4.5% |
| Lawyers | Legal | 48% | +4.7% |
| Computer Systems Analysts | Computer and mathematical | 47% | +7.9% |
| Logisticians | Business and financial operations | 46% | +17.6% |
| Human Resources Managers | Management | 45% | +5.5% |
| Paralegals and Legal Assistants | Legal | 45% | −0.3% |
| Software Developers | Computer and mathematical | 45% | +10.2% |
| Financial Managers | Management | 43% | +9.7% |
| Pharmacy Technicians | Healthcare practitioners and technical | 43% | +6.4% |
| Real Estate Sales Agents | Sales and related | 41% | +1.7% |
| Graphic Designers | Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media | 41% | −1.7% |
| Electrical Engineers | Architecture and engineering | 41% | +9.9% |
| Project Management Specialists | Business and financial operations | 40% | +6.7% |
| Pharmacists | Healthcare practitioners and technical | 40% | +5.2% |
| General and Operations Managers | Management | 39% | +5.0% |
| Registered Nurses | Healthcare practitioners and technical | 38% | +5.6% |
| Civil Engineers | Architecture and engineering | 38% | +6.4% |
| Mechanical Engineers | Architecture and engineering | 37% | +11.2% |
| Medical and Health Services Managers | Management | 37% | +24.2% |
| Cashiers | Sales and related | 36% | −6.5% |
| Retail Salespersons | Sales and related | 36% | −0.3% |
| Secondary School Teachers | Educational instruction and library | 34% | −0.2% |
| Physical Therapists | Healthcare practitioners and technical | 34% | +11.9% |
| Tellers | Office and administrative support | 33% | −13.2% |
| Nurse Practitioners | Healthcare practitioners and technical | 32% | +41.0% |
| Bookkeeping, Accounting, and Auditing Clerks | Office and administrative support | 31% | −5.6% |
| Elementary School Teachers | Educational instruction and library | 31% | −0.4% |
| Child, Family, and School Social Workers | Community and social service | 30% | +4.4% |
| Security Guards | Protective service | 25% | +0.9% |
| Waiters and Waitresses | Food preparation and serving related | 22% | +2.0% |
| Heavy and Tractor-Trailer Truck Drivers | Transportation and material moving | 17% | +3.8% |
| Electricians | Construction and extraction | 15% | +9.2% |
| Medical Assistants | Healthcare support | 14% | +12.9% |
| HVAC Mechanics and Installers | Installation, maintenance, and repair | 14% | +10.9% |
| Nursing Assistants | Healthcare support | 14% | +2.6% |
| Machinists | Production | 13% | +1.0% |
| Physician Assistants | Healthcare practitioners and technical | 13% | +21.1% |
| Restaurant Cooks | Food preparation and serving related | 12% | +12.1% |
| Dental Hygienists | Healthcare practitioners and technical | 9% | +8.0% |
| Carpenters | Construction and extraction | 9% | +3.9% |
| General Maintenance and Repair Workers | Installation, maintenance, and repair | 8% | +4.2% |
| Automotive Service Technicians and Mechanics | Installation, maintenance, and repair | 7% | +5.0% |
| Plumbers, Pipefitters, and Steamfitters | Construction and extraction | 6% | +6.8% |
| Welders, Cutters, Solderers, and Brazers | Production | 4% | +2.4% |
Sources & methodology
Every figure on this page comes from the public datasets below. We do not edit the source values; derived figures are explained here.
- Exposure is the human-annotator β score from Eloundou et al.: the share of an occupation's O*NET tasks that a large language model could do at least 50% faster at equal quality, counting tasks that need extra software (E2) at half weight. We label β under 0.25 low, 0.25–0.5 moderate, and 0.5 or more high; these bands are ours, not the authors'.
- Task labels (E0 not exposed, E1 directly exposed, E2 exposed with complementary software) are the study's aggregated human ratings of each O*NET task statement for the occupation. We show up to five tasks per group.
- Observed exposure (Anthropic, March 2026) combines that theoretical feasibility with real Claude usage on the occupation's tasks, weighting automated and work-related use more heavily than augmentative use, then averaging by time spent on each task. Values run from 0 to 1.
- Employment, growth, openings, wage, and education are the BLS 2025–35 projections as published; BLS utilization notes are quoted verbatim.
- Collaboration shares come from Anthropic Economic Index data for Claude.ai conversations in May 2026, classified to the O*NET tasks they match. "Automation" groups directive and feedback-loop conversations; "augmentation" groups task iteration, learning, and validation. Both buckets are shares of conversations with a classified collaboration pattern, excluding the unclassified "none" pattern; the six individual pattern shares include unclassified conversations. They describe how people use Claude on this occupation's tasks — not what share of workers in the occupation use AI.
- BLS occupations are matched to O*NET-SOC codes with the BLS O*NET-to-NEM crosswalk; where a BLS occupation spans several O*NET occupations, we average their values.
- Exposure measures what AI could help do, not a forecast of job loss.
Eloundou, T., Manning, S., Mishkin, P., & Rock, D. (2024). "GPTs are GPTs: Labor market impact potential of LLMs." Science, 384(6702), 1306–1308. doi:10.1126/science.adj0998. Occupation- and task-level exposure data from the authors' public repository (openai/GPTs-are-GPTs).
Vintage: Published June 21, 2024; human annotations of O*NET tasks collected 2023. License: Data repository: MIT License. Retrieved 2026-10-09.
Anthropic observed exposure (Mar 2026)
Massenkoff, M., & McCrory, P. (2026). "Labor market impacts of AI: A new measure and early evidence." Anthropic, March 5, 2026. Occupation-level observed exposure (Anthropic Economic Index, labor_market_impacts/job_exposure.csv).
Vintage: Published March 5, 2026. License: CC BY (data). Retrieved 2026-10-09.
BLS Employment Projections 2025–35
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Projections program. Occupational projections, 2025–35, and worker characteristics, 2025 (Table 1.2); fastest growing occupations (Table 1.3); factors affecting occupational utilization (Table 1.12).
Vintage: 2025–35 projections, released August 27, 2026. License: Public domain (U.S. federal government work). Retrieved 2026-10-09.
Anthropic Economic Index (May 2026)
Massenkoff, M., Lyubich, E., Sacher, S., Hitzig, Z., Zhang, S., Heller, R., & McCrory, P. (2026). "Anthropic Economic Index report: Cadences." Anthropic, June 26, 2026. Claude.ai usage metrics by occupation, global, May 2026.
Vintage: Release of June 26, 2026; Claude.ai conversations from May 2026. License: CC BY (data). Retrieved 2026-10-09.
This page includes information from the O*NET 31.0 Database by the U.S. Department of Labor, Employment and Training Administration (USDOL/ETA). Used under the CC BY 4.0 license. O*NET® is a trademark of USDOL/ETA. Metaintro has modified all or some of this information. USDOL/ETA has not approved, endorsed, or tested these modifications.
Vintage: O*NET 31.0, August 2026 release. License: CC BY 4.0. Retrieved 2026-10-09.
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