Future careers
AI-resistant jobs by industry
Occupations with low LLM exposure (β under 0.25) that BLS projects to grow through 2035, for 20 U.S. industries.
Data compiled 2026-10-09 · BLS 2025–35 · O*NET 31.0 · AEI May 2026
U.S. average exposure (β)
30%
Employment-weighted across all BLS occupations with exposure scores.
Eloundou et al., Science 2024 · BLS Employment Projections 2025–35
All industries
Sorted from least to most exposed
| Industry | Avg. exposure (β) | Industry jobs, 2025–35 | Largest low-exposure job gain |
|---|---|---|---|
| Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing, and Hunting | 16% | +1.5% | Farmers, Ranchers, and Other Agricultural Managers |
| Accommodation and Food Services | 16% | +4.3% | Fast Food and Counter Workers |
| Construction | 19% | +5.0% | Construction Laborers |
| Mining, Quarrying, and Oil and Gas Extraction | 20% | +0.7% | Roustabouts, Oil and Gas |
| Transportation and Warehousing | 22% | +3.1% | Heavy and Tractor-Trailer Truck Drivers |
| Manufacturing | 22% | +0.6% | Industrial Machinery Mechanics |
| Administrative, Support, and Waste Management Services | 26% | +0.9% | Landscaping and Groundskeeping Workers |
| Other Services (Except Public Administration) | 27% | +3.8% | Animal Caretakers |
| Arts, Entertainment, and Recreation | 29% | +5.7% | Exercise Trainers and Group Fitness Instructors |
| Utilities | 29% | +9.8% | Electrical Power-Line Installers and Repairers |
| Healthcare and Social Assistance | 30% | +9.2% | Home Health and Personal Care Aides |
| Retail Trade | 31% | −0.2% | Stockers and Order Fillers |
| Government | 34% | +0.3% | Police and Sheriff's Patrol Officers |
| Educational Services | 35% | +0.7% | Substitute Teachers, Short-Term |
| Real Estate and Rental and Leasing | 35% | +3.4% | Maintenance and Repair Workers, General |
| Wholesale Trade | 37% | +2.1% | Laborers and Freight, Stock, and Material Movers, Hand |
| Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services | 47% | +8.6% | Veterinary Technologists and Technicians |
| Information | 47% | +5.3% | Waiters and Waitresses |
| Management of Companies and Enterprises | 48% | +4.1% | Maintenance and Repair Workers, General |
| Finance and Insurance | 52% | +2.3% | Maintenance and Repair Workers, General |
Sources & methodology
Every figure on this page comes from the public datasets below. We do not edit the source values; derived figures are explained here.
- Exposure is the human-annotator β score from Eloundou et al.: the share of an occupation's O*NET tasks that a large language model could do at least 50% faster at equal quality, counting tasks that need extra software (E2) at half weight. We label β under 0.25 low, 0.25–0.5 moderate, and 0.5 or more high; these bands are ours, not the authors'.
- An occupation qualifies for an industry when its β is under 0.25, the BLS National Employment Matrix projects its employment in that industry to grow from 2025 to 2035, and it has at least 5,000 jobs there in 2025. We rank by projected job gains in the industry and show up to eight.
- Wage and annual openings are national BLS figures for the occupation across all industries.
- Low exposure means fewer of the occupation's tasks are suited to LLMs today; it does not guarantee job security.
- BLS occupations are matched to O*NET-SOC codes with the BLS O*NET-to-NEM crosswalk; where a BLS occupation spans several O*NET occupations, we average their values.
Eloundou, T., Manning, S., Mishkin, P., & Rock, D. (2024). "GPTs are GPTs: Labor market impact potential of LLMs." Science, 384(6702), 1306–1308. doi:10.1126/science.adj0998. Occupation- and task-level exposure data from the authors' public repository (openai/GPTs-are-GPTs).
Vintage: Published June 21, 2024; human annotations of O*NET tasks collected 2023. License: Data repository: MIT License. Retrieved 2026-10-09.
BLS National Employment Matrix 2025–35
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Projections program. 2025–35 National Employment Matrix, industry-occupation employment.
Vintage: 2025 base year, 2035 projection, released August 27, 2026. License: Public domain (U.S. federal government work). Retrieved 2026-10-09.
BLS Employment Projections 2025–35
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Projections program. Occupational projections, 2025–35, and worker characteristics, 2025 (Table 1.2); fastest growing occupations (Table 1.3); factors affecting occupational utilization (Table 1.12).
Vintage: 2025–35 projections, released August 27, 2026. License: Public domain (U.S. federal government work). Retrieved 2026-10-09.
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